7 Cytological featuresof Dysplasia:

Dysplasia is "Disordered cellular developement"in a simplified way!

It is most often accompanied by metaplasia and hyperplasia and  hyperplasia,Often it is called as atypical hyperplasia.

Dysplasia is most commonly seen in epithelium and the features of dysplasia are cellular proliferation and cytological changes.

Now, the causes of dysplasia are chronic irritation or prolonged inflammation.On removal of the causative factor dysplasia revert back to normal,but if the stimulus persists then it may progress to carcinoma in citu or even malignancy.

The features of dysplasia are:

1. Increased number of layers: Normal epithelium has a fixed number of cell layers,but in case of dysplasia this number is increased.

Dysplasia :Increased number of cell layers

2. Disorderly arrangement of cells from basal layer to the surface.

Dysplasia: Disorderly arrangement of cells

3. Loss of basal polarity: In disordered epithelium the nuclei usually present away from the basement membrane. 

Dysplasia:Loss of basal polarity

4. Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism: There is variation in size of cells as well as the nucleus.

Dysplasia:Cellular & nuclear pleomorphism

5. Increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio: In case of normal cells this ratio is 1:4 to 1:6,but in dysplastic epithelium this ratio is close to1:1.

Dysplasia:Increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio

6. Nuclear hyperchromasia: There is increased densirty of chromatin and it is reflected in the darker colour of nucleus.

Dysplasia:Hyperchromasia

7. Increased mitotic activity: Due to high cell turnover.

Dysplasia: Increased mitotic count

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